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Chapter 1 Introduction1

Ⅰ. From the Illusion of a Borderless 'No-Man's Land' to the Reality of a Location-Sensitive 'Every-Man's Land'2

Ⅱ. The Substantive Focus4

A. Issues6

1. Jurisdiction7

2. Declining Jurisdiction10

3. Choice of Law11

4. Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments12

B. Areas of Law13

1. Contracts13

2. Consumer Contracts14

3. The Tort of Defamation15

4. Trademarks16

5. The Relationship between Contracts, Torts and Trademarks17

Ⅲ. The Jurisdictional Focus18

A. Australia19

B. England19

C. Germany20

D. Hong Kong SAR20

E. Sweden20

F. The People's Republic of China21

G. The United States of America22

H. The Chosen Mix of States23

Ⅳ. Comments on the Terminology24

A. Private International Law, Conflict of Laws or Jurisdictional Issues?24

B. IT Law, Cyberspace Law or Internet Law26

C. The Relevant Actors27

Chapter 2 Approaching the Internet29

Ⅰ. The Internet's Characteristics33

A. Borderlessness34

B. Geographical Independence35

C. Limited Language Dependence37

D. One-to-Many38

E. Low Threshold Information Distribution39

F. Widely Used40

G. Portability41

H. Limited Utilization of Geographical Identifiers44

I. Reactive Nature46

J. Lack of Central Control49

K. Convergence50

Ⅱ. Consequences of the Characteristics of Internet Communication52

A. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in General52

B. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in Contracts56

C. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in the Tort of Defamation57

D. Consequences for the Jurisdictional Issues in Trademarks60

Ⅲ. Concluding Observations61

Chapter 3 Approaching Private International Law63

Ⅰ. Unilateralism and Multilateralism64

Ⅱ. Desirable Qualities of Private International Law Rules67

A. Legitimate Party Expectations (A Fundamental Quality)73

1. The Relation between Predictability and Flexibility75

2. Contracts77

3. Defamation82

4. Trademarks84

B. Suitable Level of Generalization (A Fundamental Quality)84

C. Abuse-Resistance (A Fundamental Quality)85

D. Non-Violation of Public International Law (A Fundamental Quality)87

1. The Statute of the International Court of Justice89

2. International Customs90

E. Forum-Neutral Language (A Fundamental Quality in Some Settings)96

F. Policy Fulfilment (A Non-fundamental Quality)96

G. Efficiency (A Non-fundamental Quality)100

H. Simplicity (A Non-fundamental Quality)101

I. Wide Acceptance (A Non-fundamental Quality)101

J. Independence from Substantive Law Concepts (A Non-fundamental Quality)102

Ⅲ. Principles to Guide the Application of Private International Law Rules103

Ⅳ. Concluding Observations105

Chapter 4 Traditional Common Law: Australia, England and Hong Kong SAR107

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction109

A. Contracts115

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection116

B. Defamation118

C. Trademarks126

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction131

A. Forum Non Conveniens132

B. Lis Alibi Pendens147

C. Ineffectiveness147

Ⅲ. Choice of Law148

A. Contracts148

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law150

B. Defamation151

C. Trademarks156

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement157

Chapter 5 The United States of America159

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction159

A. Contracts170

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection174

B. Defamation174

C. Trademarks180

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction182

A. Forum Non Conveniens182

B. Lis Alibi Pendens184

Ⅲ. Choice of Law185

A. Contracts185

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law187

B. Defamation188

C. Trademarks189

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement190

Chapter 6 European Civil Law: Germany and Sweden195

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction196

A. Contracts201

1. Limits on Forum Selection203

B. Defamation204

C. Trademarks208

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction209

A. Forum Non Conveniens209

B. Lis Alibi Pendens211

C. Ineffectiveness212

Ⅲ. Choice of Law212

A. Contracts213

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law214

B. Defamation215

C. Trademarks218

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement218

Chapter 7 The People's Republic of China221

Ⅰ. Jurisdiction223

A. Definition of Shewai Cases224

B. Contracts226

1. Limits on Exclusive Forum Selection227

C. Defamation232

D. Trademarks234

Ⅱ. Declining Jurisdiction236

Ⅲ. Choice of Law237

A. Contracts239

1. Limits on the Selection of Applicable Law241

B. Defamation242

C. Trademarks243

Ⅳ. Recognition and Enforcement244

Chapter 8 International Instruments247

Ⅰ. The Relevant European Instruments248

A. Brussels Ⅰ Regulation/New Lugano Convention248

B. Brussels Convention/1988 Lugano Convention261

C. Rome Ⅰ Regulation265

D. Rome Convention269

E. Rome Ⅱ Regulation272

F. Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts278

G. E-commerce Directive280

H. Regulation Establishing a European Small Claims Procedure282

Ⅱ. The Relevant Hague Conventions286

A. The Hague Convention 1955287

B. The Previously Proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters287

1. An Overview288

2. The Relevant Provisions289

3. Some Words about the Negotiations Process289

4. The Future of the 'Judgments Project'290

C. The Hague Convention 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements291

D. Proposal for a Hague Instrument on Choice of Law in International Contracts298

Ⅲ. Other International Instruments of Relevance299

A. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980299

B. New York Convention 1958300

C. Charter of the United Nations301

D. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)308

1. Alpert's ICCPR Challenge to Australian Jurisdiction309

2. Exhaustion311

3. Jurisdiction311

4. Substantive Dispute312

5. Concluding Remarks313

E. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the TRIPS Agreement314

Chapter 9 A Critique of Current Rules of Private International Law317

Ⅰ. Rules of Jurisdiction319

A. Uninteresting and Uncontroversial Jurisdictional Grounds319

B. Uninteresting but Controversial Jurisdictional Grounds320

C. The Doctrine of General Jurisdiction321

D. Submission322

1. Submission after the Dispute Arises322

2. Contract Nominating Forum (Submission before the Dispute Arises)323

3. The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements324

E. The Location of Contract Formation329

F. The Applicable Law Being the Law of the Forum331

G. The Location of Contract Performance331

H. Contract Breached within the Forum332

I. Location of Object of Litigation332

J. US Contractual Specific Jurisdiction333

K. The Place of the Wrongful Act and the Place of Harm333

1. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step One336

2. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Two336

3. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Three338

4. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Four344

5. Extent of Plaintiffs Reputation345

6. Enforcement Difficulties347

7. Prior Notice (Foreseeability)348

8. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Five353

9. Jurisdiction Exercised over Step Six354

10. Concluding Observations in Relation to Jurisdiction Based on Place of Wrong/Place of Harm355

L. Plaintiff's Habitual Residence or Domicile355

M. The Location of the Server356

N. US Effects Test357

O. Plaintiff's Location when Observing the Infringement358

P. Injunctions358

Q. Detainable Property within the Forum State359

R. Representative Office/Branch360

S. Location of Registration361

T. Directing Activities/Targeting361

Ⅱ. Rules of Declining Jurisdiction368

A. Forum Non Conveniens368

1. How Can Judges Take Away What the Lawmakers Have Given to the Plaintiff?369

2. Too Much Discretion370

3. Lack of Uniformity372

4. Delays the Process373

5. 'Case-Shopping' Used to Ease the Courts' Workload373

6. 'Case-Shopping' Used to Protect Domestic Interests374

7. Discretion to Uphold Choice of Forum Clauses Nominating a Foreign Forum375

8. Conditional Exercise of Forum Non Conveniens376

9. Forum Non Conveniens: Clearly Inappropriate for International Instruments377

10. Forum Non Conveniens: Superfluous if Jurisdictional Rules Are Reasonable378

11. The Doctrine Is Easily Circumvented379

12. The Doctrine Has Lost Its Meaning in Modern Society379

13. Conclusions Regarding the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens380

B. Lis Alibi Pendens381

C. Ineffectiveness381

Ⅲ. Rules of Choice of Law382

A. Contract Designated Law382

B. Closest Connection383

C. Law of Buyer's Domicile383

D. Lex Fori384

E. Lex Loci Delicti384

F. The 'Double Actionability' Test and Its Flexible Exception385

G. The Law of the Parties' Common Habitual Residence386

H. Lex Loci Protectionis387

I. The Law of the Victims Habitual Residence387

J. Lex Loci Damni388

Ⅳ. Rules of Recognition and Enforcement389

A. No Recognition and Enforcement389

B. Convention-Based Recognition and Enforcement390

C. Reciprocity390

D. Restricted Recognition and Enforcement391

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations392

Chapter 10 Geo-identification: Time to Take Technology Seriously395

Ⅰ. Internet Architecture, Regulation and 'Borders'396

Ⅱ. Geo-location Technologies398

A. Sophisticated Geo-location Technologies400

1. Client-Side Geo-location400

2. Server-Side Geo-location401

3. The Future of Sophisticated Geo-location Technologies414

B. Unsophisticated Geo-location Technologies418

C. Geo-location Technologies in Practice419

Ⅲ. Non-Technical Means of Geographical Identification426

A. Disclaimers427

B. 'Click-Wrap' Agreements429

C. Menus: The Better and Worst Alternative430

D. Delivery Address431

1. Digitized Products432

E. Offline Identification433

F. Non-Technical Geo-identification in Practice433

Ⅳ. Geo-identification: A Question of Attitudes435

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations440

Chapter 11 Proposed 'Defamation Convention Model'445

Ⅰ. Structure of the Models446

Ⅱ. Introduction to the 'Defamation Model'446

Ⅲ. Basic Features of the Proposed Model447

Ⅳ. Article-By-Article450

Ⅴ. Putting The 'Defamation Model' to the Test468

Chapter 12 Proposed 'Contracts Convention Model'471

Ⅰ. Basic Features of the Proposed Model471

Ⅱ. Article-By-Article472

Ⅲ. Putting the 'Contracts Model' to the Test489

Chapter 13 Concluding Remarks491

Appendix 1495

Appendix 2499

Appendix 3503

Selected Bibliography507

Table of Authorities529

Index547