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Chapter 1 Language,Linguistics and Lexicology　1

1-1-1 Introductory Remarks　1

1-1-2 A Definition of Language　1

1-1-3 Language,Society and Thought　2

1-2-1 A Definition of Linguistics　5

1-2-2 The Scope of Linguistics　5

1-3-1 What Is Lexicology?　6

1-3-2 Aims and Significance of the Course of English Lexicology6

1-3-3 The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics　7

1-3-4 Two Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology　8

Chapter 2 The Sources of the English Vocabulary　13

2-1-1 What is Etymology?　13

2-1-2 The English People and the English Language　14

2-1-3 The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family　14

2-1-4 The Divisions of the History of the English Language　15

2-1-5 Some Characteristics of Old English　15

2-1-6 Some Characteristics of Middle English　20

2-1-7 Some Characteristics of Modern English　23

2-1-8 Etymological Twins in English　30

2-1-9 Some Combining Forms Used in Modern English　32

2-2-1 Words of Native Origin　39

2-2-2 Borrowed Words in the English Vocabulary41

2-3-1 The Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary　44

2-3-2 The Scandinavian Element in the English Vocabulary　44

2-3-3 The French Element in the English Vocabulary　46

2-3-4 The Latin Element in the English Vocabulary　49

2-3-5 The Greek Element in the English Vocabulary　52

2-3-6 The Influence of the Classical Elements upon the English Vocabulary　53

2-3-7 Other Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary　55

2-3-8 The Interrelation Between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary　57

2-3-9 The Linguistic and Historical Origins of Some Common English Words　58

Chapter 3 Word Meaning and Semantic Relations　67

3-1-1 Some General Remarks on Semantics and Meaning　67

3-1-2 The Relationship Between Meaning and theObject　70

3-2-1 What Is a Word?　71

3-2-2 Meaning and Motivation　72

3-3-1 Classifications of Words　73

3-3-2 Main Types of Word Meaning　76

3-3-3 Word Meaning and Context　80

3-4-1 Synonyms　83

3-4-2 Antonyms　89

3-4-3 Polysemy and Homonymy　93

3-4-4 Hyponymy　100

Chapter 4 The Changing English Voca bulary103

4-1-1 The Constant Change in Language and the Continuous Appearance of Neologisms103

4-1-2 The Definition of Neologisms or New Words104

4-1-3 The Rate of Changes of the English Vocabulary　106

4-1-4 The Sources of New Words　106

4-1-5 The Formation of Neologisms126

4-2-1 Archaisms　137

4-3-1 Changes in Meaning141

4-3-2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes　143

4-3-3 Semantic Changes from the Literal Use of Words to Their Figurative Use　152

Chapter 5　Word-formation in English　168

5-1-1 Introduction　168

5-1-2 Morphological Structure of Words　168

5-1-3 Two Types of Morphemes169

5-1-4 Three Types of Words　170

5-1-5 Root,Base,Stem　171

5-2-1 The Main Processes of English Word-formation　177

5-2-2 The Minor Processes of English Word-formation　259

Chapter 6 English Idioms　273

6-1-1 Introduction　273

6-1-2 The Definition of Idioms　273

6-1-3 The Significance of Studying English Idioms　275

6-1-4 The Features of English Idioms　275

6-1-5 English Idioms in Different Styles　279

6-1-6 The Difference Between Idiomatic and Free Phrases　281

6-2-1 Classifications of English Idioms　282

6-2-2 Some Useful Language Areas of Idioms　301

Chapter 7　English Collocations　320

7-1-1 Introduction　320

7-1-2 What Is a Collocation?　320

7-1-3 The Importance of Learning English Collocations　321

7-2-1 The Classification of English Collocations　324

7-2-2 Register Used in English Collocations　341

7-3-1 Some Commonest Words Used in English Collocations.　342

7-4-1 Different Subjects of English Collocations　347

7-4-2 Families　348

7-4-3 Houses,Flats and Rooms　350

7-4-4 Food and Drink　357

7-4-5 Study and Learning　358

7-4-6 Fitness and Illness　359

7-4-7 Job and Work　361

7-4-8 Computers　366

7-4-9 Sport　368

7-4-10 Time　372

Chapter 8 British and American English　375

8-1-1 English as a Language of Worldwide Use　375

8-1-2 British and American English　376

8-1-3 The Historical Background of American English　379

8-2-1 Differences between British English and American English　381

8-2-2 Differences in Individual Sounds　381

8-2-3 Differences in Stress　383

8-2-4 Differences in Spelling　384

8-2-5 Differences in Vocabulary　385

8-2-6 Differences in Grammar　396

8-3-1 A Comparison Between Webster's Pronunciation Symbols(WPS)and International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)　399

8-3-2 British and American English in the Future　409

Chapter 9 English Dictionaries and How to Use Them410

9-1-1 What Is a Dictionary?　410

9-1-2 Characteristics of Dictionaries　412

9-2-1 Types of Dictionaries　413

9-2-2 Monolingual,Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries　414

9-2-3 General and Special Dictionaries　414

9-2-4 Pocket,Medium-sized and Unabridged Dictionaries　416

9-2-5 Synchronic and Diachronic Dictionaries　416

9-2-6 Encyclopedias and Encyclopedic Dictionaries　417

9-2-7 The Printed and Electronic Dictionaries　418

9-3-1 The History of English Dictionaries　419

9-3-2 A Brief Introduction of Five Newest English Dictionaries　422

9-3-3 Five Periods in the History of English Dictionaries　428

9-4-1 How to Use English Dictionaries　429

Appendix 1 An English-Chinese List of Technical Terms of Lexicology Used in This Book　437

Appendix 2 The Review of a Newest Book　446

Bibliography447